Direct & Digital Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

King Philip II of Macedonia

Ruler Philip II of Macedonia Ruler Phillip II of Macedon ruled as King of the antiquated Greek realm of Macedon from 359 BC until he was killed in 336 BC. Ruler Phillip II was an individual from the Argead administration. He was the most youthful child of King Amyntas III and Eurydice I. Both of Phillip II’s more established siblings, King Alexander II and Periddiccas III, kicked the bucket, in this way permitting Phillip II to guarantee the seat of King as his own. Ruler Phillip II was the dad of Phillip III and Alexander the Great. He had numerous spouses, in spite of the fact that the specific number is contested. The most well known of his associations was with Olympias. Together they had Alexander the Great. Military Prowess Lord Phillip II is noted for his military sharp. As per old history educator, Donald L. Wasson:â â€Å"Although he is frequently just associated with being the dad of Alexander the Great, Philip II of Macedon (ruled 359 BCE - 336 BCE) was a practiced ruler and military authority in his own right, making way for his son’s triumph over Darius III and the success of Persia. Philip acquired a feeble, in reverse nation with an inadequate, unrestrained armed force and shaped them into an imposing, effective military power, in the end repressing the regions around Macedonia just as enslaving a large portion of Greece. He utilized pay off, fighting, and dangers to make sure about his realm. Notwithstanding, without his knowledge and assurance, history could never have known about Alexander.† Lord Phillips Assassination Lord Phillip II was killed in October of 33 BC at Aegae, which was the capital of Macedon. A huge social event was occurring to praise the marriage of Phillip II’s little girl, Cleopatra of Macedon and Alexander I of Epirus. While at the social event, King Phillip II was executed by Pausanias of Oretis, who was one of his guardians. Pausanias of Oretis promptly attempted to escape in the wake of killing Phillip II. He had partners positioned straightforwardly outside of Aegae who were sitting tight for him to make a break. Be that as it may, he was sought after, in the long run got, and executed by different individuals from King Phillip II’s protector team. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was the child of Phillip II and Olympias. Like his dad, Alexander the Great was an individual from the Argead tradition. He was conceived in Pella in 356 BC and in the end proceeded to replace his dad, Phillip II, on the seat of Macedon at the youthful age of twenty. He followed in his father’s strides, basing his standard around military successes and development. He concentrated on extension for his domain all through Asia and Africa. By the age of thirty, ten years after he had assumed control over the seat, Alexander the Great had made probably the biggest domain in the whole antiquated world. Alexander the Great is said to have been undefeated in fight and is recognized as one of the best, most grounded, and best military officers ever. Through the span of his rule, he established and built up numerous urban areas that were named after him, the most renowned of which being Alexandria in Egypt.

Guide on How to Format a Short Essay

Guide on How to Format a Short Essay Each student has many written tasks to do practically every day. There are many types of written assignments, and the essay is one of the most popular among them because it allows checking students knowledge of subject quickly and helps to develop writing skills and thinking capacity. There are many different guidelines for writing, but usually, students have an assignment of making a small text which should take no more than one page. Each paper must have good execution; otherwise, your professor may just refuse to accept the work without a proper appearance. Hence, there are many questions about short essay format. Don’t know how to format short essay? Follow our professional tips. The Structure of a Short Composition If you want to create an excellent written assignment, you would, first, think about the structure of the future paper. Even a small work must have the introduction, the body paragraphs, and the conclusion. So, talking about a brief piece of writing, it is natural to suppose that you must have very strict outline because there is no opportunity to go into unnecessary details. The introduction of your composition is vital because you don’t have enough space to make too long. You should have the thesis statement, representing the topic of your work. Try to choose an interesting and evocative topic and write it down so that the thesis statement draws readers attention and may catch the eye from the first sight. You may use different ways to provoke the interest of the readers, for example, take the quotation from the novel of a famous writer which is suitable for your topic or use a rhetorical question in the very beginning. Further on, you may start working on the body paragraphs, which will disclose your point of view. These paragraphs should also be very well-organized; hence, their organization must be so logical to make the impression that each paragraph arises from the previous one. You may use various transitional devices to achieve it. You may divide your body paragraphs into three parts: In the first paragraph, you will give the strongest arguments to mark out your idea once again In the second part, you may have arguments which are not so strong At the end of the main part, give the weakest points of your line of argumentation. Such structure looks very good because it is very persuasive and helps people to perceive your work in a manner, which is necessary for you as a writer. The conclusion of your small composition must prove your thesis statement once more and give your readers a clear understanding of your position. For it, you have to write down a logical summary. With such end, your piece of writing will be successful, and you will have a good mark for this assignment. Short Essay Formatting As it was said before, the style of execution is also crucial for each written piece of work. Sometimes, it can be even more important than a clear structure itself, because it is the first thing to be seen after your assignment have been passed to the tutor. Hence, it can be said that laying out is the face of your work and, of course, you must care about it very much. There are many different requirements about laying out for all the kinds of written assignments, but usually, practically all educational intuitions follow either the Modern Language Association (MLA) recommendations or The American Psychological Association (APA) recommendations of laying out. The APA short essay format is the most widely spread and popular all over the world, that is why we would like to give you some prompts about doing your work in this style. In general, the following guidelines should be observed by you while typing: Margins. Margins for all sides of the shit on which you are typing (top, bottom, left, right) should be no more than one inch. Font Size and Type. The classic Times New Roman 12-point font must be used for all the text. Such type of font is the most widely spread worldwide. Spaces. The whole document should be typed with double spaces. Alignment. The flush left alignment must be applied for the whole text. These recommendations can be used to create a small task in the APA style, but be careful: if you are not sure, you would consult your professor about the style. Certainly, it is better to ask than to re-write everything in the last minute or just have a bad mark only for the execution of the paper but not for your thoughts, expressed in it. Following these simple tips, you can easily make a good brief piece of writing with a proper laying out and have a good mark for the task. Dont forget about re-reading and proofreading which also useful to make your paper excellent, because, in such a way, you may quickly improve your composition. Hence, dont procrastinate and start working on your assignment immediately after it was assigned to you.

The Industrial Revolution Was A Controversial Topic Today

Whether the Industrial Revolution was a good or bad affair is a controversial topic today. It started in the 1780s and is still going on, though it may not seem like it. While some might argue that Industrialization had primarily positive consequences for society because new machines helped people’s jobs become increasingly safer, faster and easier, it was actually a negative thing for society. Industrialization’s negative effects were Child labor, unsafe working conditions, and long working hours. During the Industrial Revolution, there were no laws that protected the people so not everyone had rights. This meant that the children of poor families were forced to work in dangerous, unhealthy environments. In the popular photo taken by Lewis W. Hine around 1908, there is a child around 6-7 year old working in one of the factories. Around him/her, there are many disturbing things.(Lewis W. Hine 1) Toward the front of the image, there is a pulley that appears to be r unning quickly and can very well catch the baggy working clothes of the children, sucking them into it and killing them. This is more likely to happen to them than adults simply because they are young, curious and inexperienced. The children also seem to not be wearing any protective gear since they most likely can’t afford it and the factory owners would rather not â€Å"waste† money on them as they were replaceable to the company. The lack of protective gear is alarming because the smaller child isShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution And The American Revolution1452 Words   |  6 PagesThe industrial revolution was not only technological revolution but a social one that would lie foundation that would grow the word â€Å"revolution† exponentially. The industrial revolution brought with it change, whether that change was positive or negative is questionable however it did change the world as it was known. In both England and the United States of Americ a strong industrial revolutions struck, the revolutions would change roles in the household and society for both women and me and theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrialization also created a considerable number of economic and social problems that became a controversial issue. The Industrial Revolution brought about tremendous significant, and extensive changes. Also its impact keeps on sweeping through individual lives today. In the last two centuries of the industrialization has changed the way we live more than any other incident in the past thousand years. The Industrial Revolution gave the nations that initially received it with the mechanical and financial preferencesRead MoreQuestions On The Industrial Revolution1668 Words   |  7 PagesReflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 RAFAEL Z. I/O PSYCHOLOGY FINAL PAPER 3 Ever since the marking of the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), employee performance in the workplace was vital. The industrial revolution marked the beginnings of mass production, development of the world’s first companies, and a booming economy. The industrial revolution was a turning point in history; just how it changed the world, inevitably the changing of Industrial/Organizational Psychology came along with it as well. First things first, whatRead MoreControversial Issues in Entertainment1283 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world which is full of controversial topics or issue which can be found in the mass media. This does continue towards the future for the timeline of any controversial issue during the history and for the public changed in time. The media does present the topic for the public. There is many portrayal of the subject which can demonize a topic so the mindset of the people is listening to the presentation of any story. This controversial topic which has the bias from this is the Freedom ofRead MoreEssay about Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold1509 Words   |  7 Pagescome out of the Romantic era and was entering the era of the industrial revolution. New inventions in technology were changing the world and science such as biology and astronomy were challenging long held beliefs of the church and by the church. The church which was going through trials of its own with the Church of England splitting into the low, broad, and high churches (Unknown). In Dover Beach, Matthew Arnold writes of Religion and the Industrial Revolution and how they affected the human conditionRead MoreA Brief Note On Science And The Nineteenth Century1249 Words   |  5 Pagescomparison of faith and science have caused debate between our historians. However, they can agree that the nineteenth century was somewhat of a blurred line in American history to determine where the population’s allegiance laid. While the Second Great Awakening riled up a lot of devout Baptists and Methodists, science had also taken a toll with the Industrial Revolution. Which is still one of the most significant economic changes in American history to date. And although Darwin’s finds did notRead MoreHuman Populations : One Child China Grows Up982 Words   |  4 Pagescalled Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China. †¢ Qin Yijao and family †¢ Therese Hesketh, a global health professor at University of College London. What? (Environmental Issue) †¢ Overpopulation, high total fertility rates. †¢ It was mentioned that today the nation with the most population is China. †¢ The health and well being of both women and children. †¢ Abortion and sterilization rates soared, resulting in more human rights concerns. †¢ Contraceptives and the rights to choose when andRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1290 Words   |  6 PagesA Doll’s House The timeless writing A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen is a controversial Realist Drama that provides a raw insight on how the equality of gender roles for women during the late 1800s was impacted by Women’s Rights Movement’s and women’s desire to break the stereotypes. A Doll’s House is a play that serves as a window allowing the audience to witness the artificial mold of this society’s expectations being broken by a female character. Set in a time where women were not quite liberalRead MoreEssay about Man Versus Machine: The Era of Human Dominance is Over506 Words   |  3 Pagesmachinery has evolved so much since the industrial revolution introducing machines that can perform many human tasks, so this information brings up the controversial topic of man vs. machine, in the end, who wins?. Now first let us talk about the evolution of machinery since the past. Humanity has created and programmed a vast arsenal of machinery that can perform and even best us in human tasks or games for example as William Saletan said â€Å"ten years ago today, a computer beat the world chess championRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 Pageslords, today they take loans from banks. Small businesses, craftsmen, and farmers create the goods and merchants or stores bring them to people (Capitalism and Socialism). Industrial capitalism focuses on heavy investment and production and to improve technological efficiency in the production of goods. Industrial capitalism increases productivity and creates consumer goods. Before industrial capitalism there were no real consumer goods, just trinkets for children or the very rich. The industrial revolution

English 6/B Essay - 1328 Words

ENGENG06 Course Assignment 3 Instructions: As the student you should write your answer in the grey box  . You can click into the first box and then use the Tab key to move forward to the next box. The tutor uses the grey box with the red outline to mark faults  and will write marks and comments in the grey fields below the exercise Name:   Hometown:   A. Vocabulary Fill in the missing words and phrases in the correct form in the spaces in the sentences. 1. The basic ingredient  have been identified in each subject. 2. The Swedish curriculum  includes Swedish, English and Maths. 3. The teacher pointed out that Sean is very inteligent  for his age 4. After finishing this book, students may†¦show more content†¦4. Helen and Clara are twins. none of   (Ingen av) them are interested in fashion. 5. When Harry is on the loose; anything   (vad som helst) can happen. Points   (5) Comments   F. Add the right tag question. 1. You’d do it again if she asked you, would n ´t you?  2. I hardly said a word, did I?  3. She’s moved to London, has n`t she?  4. Mr Knot won’t be here tomorrow, would he?  5. She’s a secretary, is n ´t she ?  Points   (5) Comments   E. Which idioms fit in the following sentences? 1. Now, bellyache  and don’t complain about the referee all the time. 2. â€Å"The die is now cast ,† said Caesar when crossing the Rubicon. 3. The coach always tried to    any defeat his team suffered. Points   (3) Comments   H. Writing Two topics for discussion in chapters 4 and 5, the first is â€Å"Teenage Pregnancy† and the second is about â€Å"Different Methods in Education†. But you choose just ONE of the topics and try writing a composition based on the notes you have made. You get to choose the one that interests you most BUT remember a discussion composition is more than just a summary of the recording. You should discuss the topic you choose; include your own thoughts and views. The text is about a girl who has become pregnant in her teens. She was scared when she found out that she is pregnant and isShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis of Barack Obamas Inaugural Address973 Words   |  4 PagesWhich English do the Canadian prefer, American or British? In the province of British Columbia. 1. Method. Used method is called corpus-based. The sources were found on websites of British Columbia. The language in the texts studied is common and widely known. I have analyzed words used on websites. 2. The problem of spelling. The issue of different spelling emerges, when we consider the history of Canada. The French, who at first arrived to Canada, gave in 1713 their colonies to theRead MoreTypes of Sports Fans624 Words   |  3 Pages2; 6; 10; 11; 12 (World English 3) | Unit / Lesson | World English 3 / Materials | Week - Date complete | SubjectWhat do you want to achieve? | Student commentsHow did you find the exercise? What have you achieved? | Instructor’s comments | Unit 2 / Lesson A | A.1Conversation: Audio | | | | | | A.2 Vocabulary Practice 1 | | | | | | A.3 Vocabulary Practice 2 | | | | | | A.4 Vocabulary Practice | | | | | | A.5 Vocabulary: Audio | | | | | Unit 2 / Lesson B | BRead MoreWorld Englishes : Approaches, Issues, And Resources1620 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people view English as a global language. With more and more people speak English as a second and foreign language. English speakers play an important role in international business and economics. The data shows that there are over 350 million people speak English as their first language around the world. It also shows that more than 430 million people use English as their second language. As people develop knowledge of Standard English like British English and American English, they may not hearRead MoreAligning ELL Proficiency Standards 31559 Words   |  7 Pagesof Structured English Immersion March 30, 2014 English Language Proficiency Standards Arizona English Language Arts Standards Stage II Language Strand Standard 1: The student will identify and apply conventions of standard English in his or her communications. HI-2: explaining differences between common and proper nouns in context (singular and plural). 1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. b. Use common, properRead MoreMissing Home so Much1011 Words   |  5 PagesKainan University Skills for English Language Proficiency Testing (TOEFL BTT10000297 (02)) Fall, 2010 Day: Thursday Time: 4:10 – 6:00 P.M. Room: B218 Assistant Professor: John R. Jenkins Office Telephone: 03-341-2500 (6114) Office Room Number: AT 38 Home Telephone: 03-531-8555 Fax: 03-531-1668 Read MoreWorld Englishes : Approaches, Issues, And Resources1596 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people view English as a global language. With more and more people speak English as a second and foreign language. English speakers play an important role in international business and economics. The data shows that there are over 350 million people speak English as their first language around the world. It also shows that more than 430 million people use English as their second language. As people develop knowledge of Standard English like British English and American English, they may not hearRead MoreWeb Calculator Exercise 11012 Words   |  5 Pagesa religious survey. |Age |Gender |Denomination |Church Attendance | |56 |1 |7 |4 | |46 |2 |6 |5 | |49 |2 |6 |5 | |49 |1 |1 |5 | |27 |2 |9 |5 Read MoreLanguage Linguistic Description Of English1630 Words   |  7 Pages LG352 Linguistic Description of English Exercise 1: In casual speech, particularly in British English, got is often added after certain uses of the verb have. Your task is to try to work out the conditions that govern this phenomenon by constructing examples using the following phrases: 1. have green eyes 2. have toothache 3. have a nightmare 4. have a shower 5. have an older sister 6. have a baby 7. have a coffee 8. have to work 9. have the secretary typeRead MorePhonetics: International Phonetic Alphabet and Aspirated Alveolar Stop752 Words   |  4 Pages Example: boy [É”É ª] (Diphthongs should be treated as one sound.) a b c d e f g h i j Word fleece neigh long health watch cow rough cheese bleached rags Last Sound [s] [I] [n] [ ÃŽ ¸] [tÊÆ'] [aw] [f] [z] [t] [z] 3. Write the following words in phonetic transcription, according to your pronunciation. Examples: knot [nat]; delightful [dilaÉ ªtfÉ™l] or [dÉ™laÉ ªtfÉ™l]. Some of you may pronounce some of these words the same. a b c d e f g h i j k l Word physics merry marry Mary yellow sticky Read MoreRelationship Between L2 And L2 On The Acquisition Of English By Saudi Learners Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagesacquisition of English by Saudi learners of English through investigating the relationship between L1 transfer and L2 proficiency which will help to fill the gap in the Saudi students’ pragmatics production, comprehension, and development of L2 and poor communication with native speakers of English. 3.2. Instrument: To answer the previous research questions, a multiple choice questionnaire was employed to elicit the speech act behavior of expressions of Saudi learners of English at two different

Microcredit concept in business and banking organisation Free Essays

Introduction: The buzz word the Microcredit is the new concept in business and banking organisation. Microcredit is the extension of small loans to help the poor people that they can start small business and overcome poverty (Microcredit Summit, 1997). The topic really appeals me to do select for research of my dissertation. We will write a custom essay sample on Microcredit concept in business and banking organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will be helpful for my future career and very much related of my academic study. 1) Reason For My Chosen Research topic: The reason I choose the base of Bangladesh for this topic is one is my familiarity with the nationality and the other is Grameen Bank (Bank for the poor) Professor Muhammad Yunus(2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner), founder of the Grameen Bank which invented the easiest way to go to the people who needs help(grameenbank.com). Grameen Bank methodology is almost the reverse of the conventional banking methodology. Conventional banking is based on the principle that the more you have, the more you can get. In other words, if you have little or nothing, you get nothing. As a result, more than half the population of the world is deprived of the financial services of the conventional banks. General features of microcredit in Bangladesh Grameen bank are: It promotes credit as a human right. The main mission of the microcredit is to help poor people or families to help themselves to overcome poverty. its targeted specially poor women. Its not based on enforceable contract, based on Trust. Grameen bank provied door-step service where people should not go to the bank, bank should go to the people. For my research I choose this topic, because the disbursement of small finance to the poor people in the rural area seemed to be successful. And women’s position ware less honoured to the family in Bangladesh culture but when Grameen Bank (architect of micro credit in Bangladesh) started delivering special credit scheme opportunity to the women and they started implementing and earning for the family, the status of the women ware changed and their contribution to the decision making in to the family became more important. 2) Possible Research Question: As we know methodology for a research question is very important and has to be chosen to fulfil the purpose of the research. On my research I would like to dig out the provision of the grameen bank microcredit in the rural area in Bangladesh . My possible research question would be: Understands the nature and characteristic of Grameen Bank Microcredit Program and how the Impact of Grameen Bank Microcredit Program changed the lifestyle of the poor people in Bangladesh. 3) Identify four authors who will inform my topic: Yunus,M(2004)Grameen Bank, Microcredit and Millennium Development Goals.Economic and political weekly. September 2002 Vol.39 No.36 Pp 4-10 This paper traces the evolution of the ideas and practice of microcredit as pioneered by the Grameen Bank. Over the years, microcredit programmes in Bangladesh have grown, providing a wide range of services to meet the economic and social needs of its citizens, mostly poor women. It comes up with suggestions regarding the emerging issues of financial self-reliance and institutional sustainability of microcredit programmes. Rahman.A (2001). Women and microcredit in rural Bangladesh: anthropological study of the rhetoric and realities of Grameen Bank. 2nd ed. oxford: Westview. p12-14. In this book the chapter microcredit in development project considers the history of starting microcredit process of grameen bank. It considers how the bank has grown and extend loans in rural Bangladesh, specially to poor women. its also consider the figer of parcent of people who under this program and money the borrowed. M.L. Narasaiah (2008). Microcredit and women. India: Discovary Publishing House. p1-61 The research objective considers in this book how grameen bank develop a micro-lending program to help the poorest people. It also concerns about how This program has empowered thousands of people–many of them women–and surprised experts in economic development who never believed that the very poor would find the initiative and ability to repay even the smallest ($25-$500) loans. Benton E. Gup (2003). The future of banking. Westport: Quorum Books. p319-331 The research objective considers in this book the chapter named â€Å"Microcredit for the poorest country†. its explained origin of microcredit, summary of Grameen bank, Empowering the poor through microcredit in bangladesh and aslo some case study. 4) Extents meets the criteria of my research question are: The word â€Å"microcredit† did not exist before the seventies. Now it has become a buzz-word among the development practitioners. Microcredit in Bangladesh grameen bank who said bank for poor people made me really fascinated to do my research on this topic. Because women’s position ware less honoured to the family in Bangladesh culture but when Grameen Bank (architect of micro credit in Bangladesh) started delivering special credit scheme opportunity to the women and they started implementing and earning for the family, the status of the women ware changed and their contribution to the decision making in to the family became more important. Also their strategy is different then any other conventional bank in Bangladesh. To develop my research on time I will partly depend on the secondary data that has published in some of the literatures, books, reports and partly on the primary data that will be collected from the field survey by me or my representative, and may also take some telephonic conversation if needed. So it’s might not possible to develop everything but would be possible to make a clear view within the project time frame. During my work the main obstacles might be faced to collect the secondary data, as the microcredit is not available all over the world. For primary data I need some representative in Bangladesh and also need to take some telephonic conversation. My chosen topic The Impact of Grameen Bank Microcredit Program in Bangladesh all about banking system for the poor people in Bangladesh. Its have a clear link to theory. I explained what is microcredit and how it work. What is Grameen bank microcredit program in Bangladesh and how its work. What is the different between conventional banking methodology and Grameen bank methology ect. It is relate clearly to the idea of research question. The topic really appeals me to do select for research of my dissertation. It will be helpful for my future career and very much related of my academic study. Strategic and finance management cover the banking knowledge, whereas I can use in the research method. Although my study gives me knowledge of global business organisation structure, but it can be key method to do research of my work. Reference: Yunus,M(2004)Grameen Bank, Microcredit and Millennium Development Goals.Economic and political weekly. September 2002 Vol.39 No.36 Pp 4-10 Rahman.A (2001). Women and microcredit in rural Bangladesh: anthropological study of the rhetoric and realities of Grameen Bank. 2nd ed. oxford: Westview. p12-14. M.L. Narasaiah (2008). Microcredit and women. India: Discovary Publishing House. p1-61 Benton E. Gup (2003). The future of banking. Westport: Quorum Books. p319-331 What is Microcredit (2011) Grameen bank [Online] available at; http://www.grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=28Itemid=177 [Accessed 21/05/2011] Is Grameen bank different from conventional bank (2011) Grameen bank [Online] available at; http://www.grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=27Itemid=176 [Accessed 22/05/2011] Karim,L. (2008). Demystifying Micro-Credit. The Grameen Bank, NGOs, and Neoliberalism in Bangladesh. 20 (1), p5-29. How to cite Microcredit concept in business and banking organisation, Essay examples

Isolation of Cholesterol by Egg Yolk Essay Example

Isolation of Cholesterol by Egg Yolk Essay The degradation of cholesterol by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 10590 under aerobic conditions. 1. R W Owen, 2. A N Mason  and 3. R F Bilton ABSTRACT The metabolic pathway of cholesterol degradation by bacteria has not been completely established. Several possible intermediates have not been identified and many pathway delineations have not involved the use of the cholesterol molecule per se and just one bacterial species. The bacterial degradation of cholesterol by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB has been studied. Major biotransformation products included cholest-5-en-3-one, cholest-4-en-3-one, 26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, androsta-1, 4-dien-3-17-dione, cholest-4-en-3-one-26-oic acid, chol-4-en-3-one-24-oic acid, pregn-4-en-3-one-20-carboxylic acid, and pregna-1, 4-dien-3-one-20-carboxylic acid. Studies with selected intermediates have enabled the elucidation of a comprehensive pathway of cholesterol degradation by bacteria. November 1983  The Journal of Lipid Research,  24,  1500-1511. http://www. jlr. org/content/24/11/1500. short Mycobacterial persistence requires the utilization of host cholesterol 1. Amit K. Pandey  and 2. Christopher M. Sassetti  * +Author Affiliations 1. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 1. Edited by Barry R. Bloom, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and approved January 22, 2008 (received for review November 26, 2007) Abstract A hallmark of tuberculosis is the ability of the causative agent,  Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to persist for decades despite a vigorous host immune response. We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation of Cholesterol by Egg Yolk specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation of Cholesterol by Egg Yolk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation of Cholesterol by Egg Yolk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Previously, we identified a mycobacterial gene cluster,  mce4, that was specifically required for bacterial survival during this prolonged infection. We now show thatmce4  encodes a cholesterol import system that enables  M. tuberculosis  to derive both carbon and energy from this ubiquitous component of host membranes. Cholesterol import is not required for establishing infection in mice or for growth in resting macrophages. However, this function is essential for persistence in the lungs of chronically infected animals and for growth within the IFN-? -activated macrophages that predominate at this stage of infection. This finding indicates that a major effect of IFN-? stimulation may be to sequester potential pathogens in a compartment devoid of more commonly used nutrients. The unusual capacity to catabolize sterols allows  M. tuberculosis  to circumvent this defense and thereby sustain a persistent infection. Published online before print  March 11, 2008, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0711159105 http://www. pnas. org/content/105/11/4376. abstract Initial Steps in the Anoxic Metabolism of Cholesterol by the DenitrifyingSterolibacterium denitrificans* ¦ 1. Yin-Ru Chiang  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚  , 2. Wael Ismail  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚  , 3. Michael Muller  Ã‚ §Ã‚  and 4. Georg Fuchs  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚  1 +Author Affiliations 1. Mikrobiologie, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Freiburg, Schanzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany and the  Ã‚ §Institut fur Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Universitat Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany 1. 1  To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. : 497612032649 ; Fax: 497612032626; E-mail:  georg. [emailprotected] uni-freiburg. de. Abstract The anoxic metabolism of the ubiquitous triterpene cholesterol is challenging because of its complex chemical structure, low solubility in water, low number of active functional groups, and the presence of four alicyclic rings and two quaternary carbon atoms. Consequently, the aerobic metabolism depends on oxygenase catalyzed reactions requiring molecular oxygen as co-substrate. Sterolibacterium denitrificans  is shown to metabolize cholesterol anoxically via the oxidation of ring A, followed by an oxygen-independent hydroxylation of the terminal C-25 of the side chain. The anaerobic hydroxylation of a tertiary carbon using water as oxygen donor is unprecedented and may be catalyzed by a novel molybdenum containing enzyme. First Published onFebruary 16, 2007, doi:10. 1074/jbc. M610963200May 4, 2007  The Journal of Biological Chemistry,  282,13240-13249. http://www. bc. org/content/282/18/13240. abstract Coxiella burnetii  Expresses a Functional  [pic]24 Sterol Reductase[pic] Stacey D. Gilk,  Paul A. Beare,  and Robert A. Heinzen* Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Mon tana 59840 Received 12 July 2010/ Accepted 10 September 2010 Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of human Q fever, occupies  a unique niche inside the host cell, where it replicates in  a modified acidic phagolysosome or parasitophorous vacuole (PV). The PV membrane is cholesterol-rich, and inhibition of host  cholesterol metabolism negatively impacts PV biogenesis and  pathogen replication. The precise source(s) of PV membrane cholesterol  is unknown, as is whether the bacterium actively diverts and/or  modifies host cell cholesterol or sterol precursors. C. burnetii  lacks enzymes for  de novo  cholesterol biosynthesis; however,  the organism encodes a eukaryote-like  [pic]24 sterol reductase homolog,  CBU1206. Absent in other prokaryotes, this enzyme is predicted  to reduce sterol double bonds at carbon 24 in the final step  of cholesterol or ergosterol biosynthesis. In the present study,  we examined the functional activity of CBU1206. Amino acid alignments  revealed the greatest sequence identity (51. 7%) with a  [pic]24 sterol  reductase from the soil amoeba  Naegleria gruberi. CBU1206 activity  was examined by expressing the protein in a  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  erg4  mutant under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Erg4 is a yeast  [pic]24 sterol reductase responsible for the final  reduction step in ergosterol synthesis. Like Erg4-green fluorescent  protein (GFP), a CBU1206-GFP fusion protein localized to the  yeast endoplasmic reticulum. Heterologous expression of CBU1206  rescued  S. cerevisiae erg4  sensitivity to growth in the presence  of brefeldin A and cycloheximide and resulted in new synthesis  of ergosterol. These data indicate CBU1206 is an active sterol  reductase and suggest the enzyme may act on host sterols during  C. burnetii  intracellular growth. Journal of Bacteriology, December 2010, p. 6154-6159, Vol. 192, No. 23 0021-9193/10/$12. 00+0   Ã‚  Ã‚   doi:10. 1128/JB. 00818-10 Copyright  © 2010,  American Society for Microbiology. http://jb. asm. org/cgi/content/abstract/192/23/6154 Study of Anoxic and Oxic  Cholesterol  Metabolism  bySterolibacterium denitrificans[pic] Yin-Ru Chiang,1,[pic]  Wael Ismail,1,[pic]  Dimitri Heintz,2  Christine Schaeffer,2Alain Van Dorsselaer,2  and Georg Fuchs1* Mikrobiologie, Fakultat Biologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,1  Laboratoire de spectrometrie de masse Bio-Organique, CRNS, ECPM, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France2 Received 21 September 2007/ Accepted 12 November 2007 The initial enzymes and genes involved in the anoxic metabolism  of  cholesterolwere studied in the denitrifying bacterium  Sterolibacterium  denitrificans  Chol-1ST. The second enzyme of the proposed pathway,  cholest-4-en-3-one-[pic]1-dehydrogenase (AcmB), was partially purified. Based on amino acid sequence analysis, a gene probe was derived  to screen a cosmid library of chromosomal DNA for the  acmB  gene. A positive clone comprising a 43-kbp DNA insert was sequenced. In addition to the  acmB  gene, the DNA fragment harbored theacmA  gene, which encodes the first enzyme of the pathway,  cholesteroldehydrogenase/isomerase. The  acmA  gene was overexpressed, and  the recombinant dehydrogenase/isomerase was purified. This enzyme  catalyzes the predicted transformation of  cholesterol  to cholest-4-en-3-one. S. denitrificanscells grown aerobically with  cholesterol  exhibited  the same pattern of soluble proteins and cell extracts formed  the same  14C-labeled products from [14C]cholesterol  as cells  that were grown under anoxic, denitrifying conditions. This  is especially remarkable for the late products that are formedby  anaerobic hydroxylation of the  cholesterol  side chain with  water as the oxygen donor. Hence, this facultative anaerobic  bacterium may use the anoxic pathway lacking any oxygenase-dependent  reaction also under oxic conditions. This confers metabolic  flexibility to such facultative anaerobic  bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, February 2008, p. 905-914, Vol. 190, No. 3 0021-9193/08/$08. 00+0   Ã‚  Ã‚   doi:10. 1128/JB. 01525-07 Copyright  © 2008,  American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. http://jb. asm. org/cgi/content/abstract/190/3/905? maxtoshow=hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=cholesterol+degradation+by+bacteriasearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0resourcetype=HWCIT